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Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. It is the foundation of nearly every food chain on Earth. The overall process happens in two main stages. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. They convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, while splitting water molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product. The Calvin cycle, also called the light-independent reactions, takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. It uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose through a series of enzyme-mediated steps. The cycle is named after Melvin Calvin, who shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for working out its details. Chlorophyll, the green pigment in plant leaves, absorbs primarily red and blue light while reflecting green — which is why most plants appear green to us. Accessory pigments such as carotenoids capture wavelengths that chlorophyll misses and pass the energy to it. The net equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂. The glucose produced powers cellular respiration in the plant itself, is stored as starch, or is used to build cellulose for new cell walls. The oxygen released maintains the atmospheric oxygen that animals — including humans — depend on for life.
